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General principles and other sources on Euclidean relativity
The common elements in
Euclidean relativity are the Euclidean (++++)
metric as opposed to the traditional Minkowski (+---)
or (-+++) metric, and the
universal velocity c for all objects in 4D space-time. The Euclidean metric is derived from the
Minkowski metric by rewriting
![]()
into the equivalent
.
The roles of time t and proper time
have switched so that proper time
takes the role of the coordinate for the 4th spatial dimension. The universal
velocity c
appears from the regular time derivative
.
This approach
should not be mixed up with the so called "Wick rotation"
or complex Euclidean relativity, which is different.
In Wick rotation, time t is replaced by it, which
also leads to a positive definite metric but it maintains proper time
as the Lorentz invariant value whereas in Euclidean relativity
becomes a coordinate.
The Euclidean geometry is consistent with classical, Minkowski based relativity in two reference frames. The hyperbolic Minkowski geometry turns into a rotation in 4D circular geometry where length contraction and time dilation result from the geometric projection of 4D properties to our 3D space. In three reference frames an inconsistency appears in the velocity addition formula, also affecting other formulas that depend on the velocity addition formula. The inconsistency does so far not imply known contradictions with experimental data. This may be due to the uncommon conditions that are required to show measurable deviations.
The Euclidean approach makes relativity accessible in an intuitive way and inspires further development and speculation. Individual authors apply and extrapolate this basis to various topics, like quantum mechanics, optics, particle physics and so on. Many Euclidean interpretations introduce time t as a parameter for tracking velocity and change. In Jose Almeida's and my own work it is treated as a fifth dimension.
Euclidean relativity may sometimes be referred to as "proper
time physics" or "proper time geometry".
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Prof. Robert d'E Atkinson Probably the first exploration of Euclidean relativity in history. General Relativity in Euclidean Terms (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Volume 272, Issue 1348, pp. 60-78, 02-1963(!)). Does not yet use proper time Dr. R. G. Newburgh, Dr. T. E. Phipps US Air Force research paper. A Space-Proper Time Formulation of Relativistic Geometry (Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force, 1969) Seems like the first proposal to use proper time Drs. Hans Montanus Introduces the difference between Relative and Absolute Euclidean space-times (REST versus AEST). He favors the latter (my own articles build on REST). Special relativity in an absolute Euclidean Space-Time (Physics Essays, vol 4, nr 3, 1991) The Fizeau experiment in an absolute Euclidean Space-time (Physics Essays, vol 5, nr 4, 1992) A new concept of time (Physics Essays, vol 6 nr 4, 1993) General relativity in an absolute Euclidean space-time (Physics Essays, vol 8, nr 4, 1995) Electrodynamics in an absolute Euclidean space-time (Physics Essays, vol 10, nr 1, 1997) Arguments against the general theory of relativity and for a flat alternative (Physics Essays, vol 10 nr 4, 1997) Compton scattering, pair annihilation, and Pion decay in an absolute Euclidean space-time (Physics Essays, vol 11, nr 2, 1998) A Geometrical Explanation for the Deflection of Light (Physics Essays, vol 11, nr 3, 1998) Hyperbolic Orbits in an Absolute Euclidean Space-time (Physics Essays, vol 11 nr 4, 1998) Proper Time Physics (PDF 5MB) (Hadronic J.22:625-673,1999) Galactic Rotation and Dark Matter in an Absolute Euclidean Space-time (Physics Essays, vol 12 nr 2, 1999) Proper-Time Formulation of Relativistic Dynamics (Found. Phys. 31, Issue 9, Sep 2001, Pages 1357 - 1400) Flat Space Gravitation (Found. Phys. 35, Issue 9, Sep 2005, Pages 1543 - 1562) Talk at the IARD conference 2004. Prof. Jose Almeida An Euclidean extrapolation to general relativity, explaining geodesic motion of objects as a result of a 4D refractive index, hence the alternative name '4D Optics'. Almeida considers 4D space-time as a Euclidean null-subspace of a 5D space-time with metric (-++++). The approach allows a treatment of mass particles in 4D equivalent to photons in 3D, which is supplemented by considering particle worldlines as normals to wavefronts. An alternative to Minkowski space-time (arXiv:gr-qc/0104029, 2001) 4-Dimensional optics, an alternative to relativity (arXiv:gr-qc/0107083, 2001); A theory of mass and gravity in 4-dimensional optics (arXiv:physics/0109027, 2001) K-calculus in 4-dimensional optics (arXiv:physics/0201002, 2002) Prospects for unification under 4-dimensional optics (arXiv:hep-th/0201264, 2002) Unification of classic and quantum mechanics (arXiv:physics/0211056 ,2002) Maxwell's equations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space (arXiv:physics/0403058, 2004) Euclidean formulation of general relativity (arXiv:physics/0406026, 2004) The null subspace of G(4,1) as source of the main physical theories (arXiv:physics/0410035, 2004) Talk at the Moscow conference Number Time Relativity 2004 Talk at the PIRT IX conference Londen 2004. Choice of the best geometry to explain physics (arXiv:physics/0510179, 2005) Monogenic functions in 5-dimensional spacetime used as first principle: gravitational dynamics, electromagnetism and quantum mechanics (arXiv:physics/0601078, 2006) How much in the Universe can be explained by geometry? (arXiv:0801.4089, 2008) Prof. Alexander Gersten Uses the term 'Mixed Space' to refer to the space where time t and proper time Talk at the IARD conference 2002. Euclidean Special Relativity (PDF file) (Found. Phys. 33, 2003, Pages 1237-1251) Carl Brannen Emphasis on the geometry and mathematics (geometric or Clifford algebra) that could be used as a basis for Euclidean relativity. The Proper Time Geometry (pdf, ver 1.0 10/19/2004) Phase Velocity of de Broglie Waves (pdf, ver 1.0 11/20/2004) The Geometry of Fermions (pdf, ver 1.01, 10/21/2004) The Geometric Speed of Light (pdf, ver 1.0 11/07/2004) Nonlinear Waves on the Geometric Algebra (pdf, ver 1.1 12/02/2004) Homepage of Carl with various other papers on particle physics. Dr. Giorgio Fontana Summarizes the results of Montanus, Gersten and Almeida in his first article and extends this with some more speculative thoughts The Four Space-times Model of Reality (arXiv.org, physics/0410054A) Hyperspace for Space Travel, Video of presentation at the STAIF 2007 by Dr. Eric Davis (American Institute of Physics, C.P. 880, pp. 1117-1124) Gravitational Waves in Euclidean Space (Excerpt from AIP Conference Proceedings 969, 1055 (2008)) On the foundations of Gravitation Inertia and Gravitational Waves (Scribd) Extending Maxwell's equations to Euclidean relativity in 5D Towards an Unified Engineering Model for Long (and short?) Range Forces and Wave Propagation (Powerpoint presentation) Homepage of Giorgio Fontana. Dr. Anthony Crabbe As an alternative to the traditional Minkowski hyperbolic geometry the author uses 'Circular Function Geometry' (CFG), which is natural for many Euclidean interpretations of special relativity. Alternative conventions and geometry for Special Relativity (Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie Vol 29 no 4, 2004) The Limitations of the Minkowski Model of Space-time, talk at the 13th Triennial Conference of the International Society for the Study of Time, (Monterery, CA July 28-Aug 3 2007) Dr. Phillips V. Bradford Characteristic elements of Euclidean relativity, using proper time and universal velocity c for all objects in space-time. Alternative ways of looking at physics, with amongst others A space-time, geometric interpretation of the beta factor in Special Relativity. Dr. Witold Nawrot, Is the space-time reality Euclidean? Another Euclidean interpretation, comparing Four-dimensional Euclidean Reality (FER) with Lorentzian space-time. Again a similar approach with Richard D. Stafford Ph.D., Resolution of the Relativity/Quantum Mechanics Conflict (on Web Archive) Uses Euclidean space-time with Subramaniam Kanagaraj, Euclidean Special Relativity Personal website, presenting articles based on a Euclidean interpretation of special relativity. A velocity vector 4-Euclidean Space-Time (EST) geometrical model governed by the functions of a circle is formulated with the (++++) Euclidean signature. Rob van Linden (i.e., my own work) Dimensions in special relativity theory (Galilean Electrodynamics Vol 18 nr 1, Jan/Feb-2007); A Euclidean interpretation of special relativity Mass particles as bosons in five dimensional Euclidean gravity; Extending the ideas of the previous article to gravity Minkowski versus Euclidean 4-vectors; Associating 4-vectors with geometric properties in Euclidean space-time Propulsion without propellant using four-momentum of photons in Euclidean special relativity See also the homepage of this site. Note on articles by Dr. Frans-Guenter Winkler (website, arXiv): although the same terms Euclidean special and general relativity are used, the geometry of the model is different. It maintains t as fourth dimension and |
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5D
Space-Time-Matter consortium, coordinated by Prof. Paul Wesson.
Not so much identifiable as Euclidean relativity but proposals very
similar to mine regarding the application of a fifth dimension, based on the
Campbell-Magaard embedding theorem.
A quote from an article of Paul Wesson,
In Defense of Campbell's Theorem as a Frame for New Physics
(arXiv.org gr-qc/0507107, July 25th 2005)
reflects one of the key elements of my own article, "Mass Particles as
Bosons in Five Dimensional Euclidean Gravity" :
"The implication of this for particles is clear: they should travel on null 5D geodesics. This idea has recently been taken up in the literature, and has a considerable future. It means that what we perceive as massive particles in 4D are akin to photons in 5D."
Suggestions for additional sources are welcome.
Other interesting science/physics/math links:
How to become a good theoretical physicist?
By Nobel laureate Prof. Gerard 't Hooft.
Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
An encyclopedia for Physics and Mathematics.
Einstein archives online
Many original texts and scans of handwritings.
Walter Babin's page on special relativity and theoretical physics
A place to publish non-mainstream physics.
Math, Physics and Engineering
Applets A collection of visualizations of various Physics and Math
topics by Paul Falstad.
Andrew Hamilton's homepage Curved spacetime visualized. Watch yourself falling into a black hole.
Physical
Interpretations of Relativity Theory (PIRT, Moscow 2011)
Yearly conference on alternative ways to interpret relativity.
Wikipedia: Special relativity (alternative formulations)
A collection of alternative formulations for special relativity.
Alternative
Relativity links in the dmoz Open Directory Project The Open Directory is an attempt to build a global catalogue of the web.
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